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Colin Frank - Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

from Rocks I Have Taken by Maria Sappho

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about

Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

In 1671 France signed a treaty with a number of tribes which allowed them to trade in the Minnesota region. All land east of the Mississpi River was eventually granted to the United States after the American Revolution. Much of the rest of the state was purchased from France in the Louisiana Purchase. While all this land was changing hands, Minnesota region was important to Native American peoples for thousands of years with valuable sources for travel and trade along the entire Mississippi River. By the 1600s when the french arrived there were two main groups of people living in present-day Minnesota, the Dakota and the Ojibwe.

“In 1862, Minnesota governor Alexander Ramsey said, "The Sioux [Dakota] Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of Minnesota." On the day after Christmas in 1862, 38 Dakota men were hanged in Mankato–the largest public mass execution in the history of the country to this day. In November 1965, two other men–Pejuta Ozanzan and Sakpedan–were hanged outside of Fort Snelling, where women, children, and elders were imprisoned in a concentration camp. Hundreds were taken by steamboat to Crow Creek in South Dakota, and then died from a lack of food needed to survive.”
(Diamond, 2019)


In the 1970s, Minneapolis became the headquarters of the national American Indian Movement, a civil-rights group. One success being pressuring the federal government to restore tribal recognition and sovereignty.
The Dakota word Mnisota, means ‘clear water, that reflects the clouds and the sky above’.
In the state of Minnesota today there are 11 sovereign American Indian nations; seven Ojibwe (Chippewa, Anishinaabe) and four Sioux (Dakota) communities.

This rock was taken from Minneapolis, the home of The Wall of Forgotten Natives in 2018, a makeshift camp that was ground zero for the housing and opioid crisis of urban Native Americans.

Interactive map for the land invasion of the United States produced by University of Georgia historian Claudio Saunt
usg.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=eb6ca76e008543a89349ff2517db47e6

Invaders-
French
Spanish
British
Americans

www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/10/native-americans-minneapolis/503441/
www.metrostate.edu/metrocatalyst/11-nations-and-flags-of-minnesota-native-americans
www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/native-americans
mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/our-home-native-minnesota-history-center/
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Minnesota
www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/19/native-american-homeless-heroin-minneapolis

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from Rocks I Have Taken, released April 30, 2020
Colin Frank

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Maria Sappho Huddersfield, UK

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